TOEFL ITP Reading 02a Answer

According to the best evidence gathered by space probes and astronomers, Mars is an inhospitable planet, more similar to Earth’s Moon than to Earth itself -a dry, stark, seemingly lifeless world.
(Menurut bukti terbaik yang dikumpulkan oleh robot antariksa dan ahli astronomi, Mars adalah planet yang tidak bisa ditinggali, lebih mirip ke Bulan daripada Bumi sendiri – sebuah dunia yang kering, gelap dan sepertinya tanpa kehidupan.)

Mars’ air pressure is equal to Earth’s at an altitude of 100,000 feet.
(Tekanan udara Mars sama dengan tekanan udara Bumi pada ketinggian 100.000 kaki.)

The air there is 95% carbon dioxide.
(Udara di sana 95% terdiri dari karbon dioksida.)

Mars has no ozone layer to screen out the Sun’s lethal radiation.
(Mars tidak memiliki lapisan ozon untuk menyaring radiasi mematikan dari matahari.)

Daytime temperatures may reach above freezing, but because the planet is blanketed by the mere wisp of an atmosphere, the heat radiates back into space.
(Suhu di siang hari bisa mencapai di atas titik beku, tapi karena planet itu hanya diselimuti gumpalan tipis atmosfer, panas beradiasi balik ke angkasa.)

Even at the equator, the temperature drops to -50°C (-60°F) at night.
(Bahkan di titik akuator, suhu turun hingga -50°C (-60°F) di malam hari.)

Today there is no liquid water, although valleys and channels on the surface show evidence of having been carved by running water.
(Saat ini tidak ada air, meskipun lembah dan kanal di permukaan Mars menunjukkan bukti terbentuk oleh air yang mengalir.)

The polar ice caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and water may be frozen in the ground as permafrost.
(Tudung es kutub Mars terbuat dari air beku dan karbon dioksida, dan air mungkin membeku di tanah sebaga ibun abadi.)

Despite these difficult conditions, certain scientists believe that there is a possibility of transforming Mars into a more Earth-like planet.
(Walaupun dengan kondisi-kondisi sulit ini, beberapa ilmuwan percaya bahwa ada kemungkinan mengubah Maes menjadi planet seperti Bumi.)

Nuclear reactors might be used to melt frozen gases and eventually build up the atmosphere.
(Reaktor nuklir mungkin digunakan untuk mencairkan gas beku dan akhirnya membentuk atmosfer.)

This in turn could create a “greenhouse effect” that would stop heat from radiating back into space.
(Ini pada akhirnya bisa menciptakan “efek rumah kaca” yang akan menghentikan panas untuk memancar kembali ke angkasa.)

Liquid water could be thawed to form a polar ocean.
(Air bisa dicairkan untuk membentuk laut kutub.)

Once enough ice has melted, suitable plants could be introduced to build up the level of oxygen in the atmosphere so that, in time, the planet would support animal life from Earth and even permanent human colonies.
(Begitu cukup es telah mencair, tanaman-tanaman yang cocok bisa dikembangkan untuk membangun level oksigen di atmosfer sehingga, pada waktunya, Mars bisa menyokong kehidupan hewan dari Bumi dan bahkan koloni manusia yang permanen.)

“This was once thought to be so far in the future as to be irrelevant,” said Christopher McKay, a research scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
(“Ini dulunya disangka begitu jauh di masa depan sehingga dianggap tidak relevan,” kata Christopher McKay, ilmuwan peneliti di National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA))

“But now it’s starting to look practical.
(“Tapi saat ini ia mulai terlihat praktis.)

We could begin work in four or five decades.”
(Kita bisa mulai mengerjakannya dalam empat atau lima decade.”)

The idea of “terra-forming” Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has its roots in science fiction.
(Gagasan “teraformasi” Mars, seperti yang disebut para pendukung ide itu, berasal dari fiksi sains.)

But as researchers develop a more profound understanding of how Earth’s ecology supports life, they have begun to see how it may be possible to create similar conditions on Mars.
(Tapi ketika peneliti mengembangkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam akan bagamana ekologi Bumi mendukung kehidupan, mereka mulai melihat bahwa ada kemungkinan untuk menciptakan kondisi yang sama di Mars.)

Don’t plan on homesteading on Mars any time soon, though.
(Tapi jangan berencana untuk membangun rumah dan bercocok tanam di Mars dalam waktu dekat.)

The process could take hundreds or even thousands of years to complete, and the cost would be staggering.
(Proses ini bisa memakan waktu ratusan bahkan ribuan tahun untuk selesai dan biayanya akan sangat mencengangkan mahalnya.)

1. With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(A) The possibility of changing the Martian environment
(B) The challenge of interplanetary travel
(C) The advantages of establishing colonies on Mars
(D) The need to study the Martian ecology

Jawaban yang paling tepat (A)
Tema utama dari bacaan adalah ide / gagasan mengubah lingkungan Mars.

2. The word “stark” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) harsh
(B) unknown
(C) dark
(D) distant

Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (A)
harsh = tidak menyenangkan (unpleasant)
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/stark_1?q=stark
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/harsh?q=harsh

3. The word “there” in line 5 refers to
(A) a point 100 miles above the Earth
(B) the Earth’s Moon
(C) Mars
(D) outer space

Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (C)
Line (5) The air there is 95% carbon dioxide.
Yang dimaksud adalah udara di Mars.

4. Which of the following does the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars that  would make colonization difficult?
(A) There is little liquid water.
(B) Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.
(C) The Sun’s rays are deadly.
(D) Nighttime temperatures are extremely low.

Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (B)
Line (7) Daytime temperatures may reach above freezing
Potongan kalimat di atas menunjukkan udara di siang hari hampir di atas titik beku (tidak tinggi)

5. According to the passage, the Martian atmosphere today consists mainly of
(A) carbon dioxide
(B) oxygen
(C) ozone
(D) water vapor

Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (A)
Line (5) The air there is 95% carbon dioxide.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that the “greenhouse effect” mentioned in line 19 is
(A) the direct result of nuclear reactions
(B) the cause of low temperatures on Mars
(C) caused by the absence of green plants
(D) a possible means of warming Mars

Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (D)
Line (18) This in turn could create a “greenhouse effect” that would stop heat from radiating back into space.
Kalimat di atas menjelaskan bahwa efek rumah kaca (greenhouse effect) akan menahan panas kembali keluar ke luar angkasa dan membuat Mars hangat.

7. The word “suitable” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) resistant
(B) altered
(C) appropriate
(D) native

Jawaban yang paling tepat (C)
appropriate = cocok, sesuai
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/appropriate_1?q=appropriate

8. According to Christopher McKay, the possibility of transforming Mars
(A) could occur only in science fiction stories
(B) will not begin for hundreds, even thousands of years
(C) is completely impractical
(D) could be started in 40 to 50 years

Jawaban yang paling tepat (D)
Line (27) “But now it’s starting to look practical. We could begin work in four or five decades.”
Kalimat di atas menunjukkan bahwa proses tersebut bisa dimulai dalam 40 – 50 tahun ke depan.

9. As used in line 29, the term “terra-forming” refers to
(A) a process for adapting plants to live on Mars
(B) a means of transporting materials through space
(C) a method of building housing for colonists on Mars
(D) a system of creating Earth-like conditions on other planets

Jawaban yang paling tepat (D)
Line (16) there is a possibility of transforming Mars into a more Earth-like planet.
Potongan kalimat di atas menunjukkan proses yang dibahas adalah untuk membuat kondisi di Mars seperti kondisi Bumi.

10. The phrase “more profound” in lines 30-31 is closest in meaning to
(A) deeper
(B) more practical
(C) more up-to-date
(D) brighter

Jawaban yang paling tepat (A)
profound = dalam (memerlukan banyak studi / pemikiran)
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/profound?q=profound

11. According to the article, the basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(A) the science of astronomy
(B) a knowledge of Earth’s ecology
(C) data from space probes
(D) science fiction stories

Jawaban yang paling tepat (B)
Line (30) But as researchers develop a more profound understanding of how Earth’s ecology supports life, they have begun to see how it may be possible to create similar conditions on Mars.
Dari kalimat di atas, dasar ilmu yang diperlukan untuk mengubah Mars berasal dari pengetahuan tentang ekologi Bumi.

12. The word “staggering” in line 35 is closest in meaning to
(A) astonishing
(B) restrictive
(C) increasing
(D) unpredictable

Jawaban yang paling tepat (A)
astonishing = sangat mengejutkan, sulit dipercaya
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/astonishing?q=astonishing
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/staggering?q=staggering

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