1. Martha Graham, _____ of the pioneers of modern dance, didn’t begin dancing until she was twenty-one.
(A) who, as one
(B) she was
(C) one
(D) was one

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) one
– Martha Graham = subject (noun)
– didn’t begin = verb phrase
– Kalimat sudah utuh karena sudah ada subject dan verb
– Subject noun bisa dijelaskan oleh
(1) relative clause atau
(2) appositive (noun phrase lain)
– A salah karena ‘_____ of the pioneers of modern dance’ sudah diapit koma, tidak bisa ditambah klausa penjelas lagi
– B salah karena ada verb (was) tapi tidak ada relative clause marker
– D salah karena ada verb (was) tapi tidak ada subject clause

Martha Graham, one of the pioneers of modern dance, didn’t begin dancing until she was twenty-one.
Martha Graham, salah satu perintis tari modern, belum mulai menari hingga dia berusia dua puluh satu tahun.
– one of the pioneers of modern dance = appositive

2. Tiger moths ____ wings marked with stripes or spots.
(A) have
(B) with
(C) their
(D) whose

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) have
– tiger moths = subject
– wings = object
– marked with stripes or spots = relative clause menjelaskan object (wings)
– Kalimat belum utuh karena sudah ada subject tapi belum ada verb
– B salah karena bukan verb, with = preposition
– C salah karena bukan verb, their = determiner
– D salah karena bukan verb, whose = determiner

Tiger moths have wings marked with stripes or spots.
Ngengat erebid memiliki sayap yang ditandai dengan garis-garis dan titik-titik.

3. Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable _____
(A) gold
(B) than gold
(C) as gold
(D) gold is

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) as gold
– semua pilihan jawaban terdapat noun ‘gold’
– is almost as pliable -> pliable = adjective
– Pola perbandingan: be + as + adjective + as + noun

Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable as gold.
Platinum lebih keras dibandingkan tembaga dan hampir selunak emas.

4. Most of Annie Jump Cannon’s career as an astronomer involved the observation, classification, and ______
(A) she analyzed stars
(B) the stars’ analysis
(C) stars were analyzed
(D) analysis of stars

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) analysis of stars
– ada coordinating conjunction ‘and’
– coordinating conjunction menghubungkan kata/frasa/klausa yang identik secara gramatikal
– the observation, classification, and ______
– ‘and’ didahului observation = noun, classification = noun
– jadi ‘and’ perlu diikuti oleh noun juga
– A salah karena she analyzed stars = klausa
– C salah karena stars were analyzed = klausa
– B salah the star’s analysis tidak identik dengan bentuk dua noun sebelumnya

Most of Annie Jump Cannon’s career as an astronomer involved the observation, classification, and analysis of stars
Sebagian besar karir Annie Jump Cannon sebagai seorang astronomer melibatkan pengamatan, pengklasifikasian dan analisa bintang-bintang.

5. Many communities are dependent on groundwater _____ from wells for their water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) obtained
– Many communities = subject
– are = noun
– Kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– groundwater = object (noun)
– semua pilihan jawaban mengandung verb obtain
– _____ from wells for their water supply = relative clause yang menjelaskan object groundwater
– Relative clause bisa dalam bentuk
(1) full dengan relative clause marker
(2) ringkas tanpa relative clause marker
– A salah karena ada relative clause marker that tapi jika diikuti Verb 2 obtained maknanya menjadi salah
– C salah karena ada verb is tapi tidak ada relative clause marker
– D salah karena ada dengan adanya object it makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas

Many communities are dependent on groundwater obtained from wells for their water supply.
Banyak komunitas bergantung pada air tanah yang didapatkan dari sumur-sumur untuk persediaan air mereka.

Ini adalah bentuk ringkas dari:
Many communities are dependent on groundwater (which is) obtained from wells for their water supply.

6. _____ experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been thought.
(A) In that
(B) Through
(C) Since
(D) Into

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) Through
– Ini adalah pemilihan preposition yang sesuai
– A, C, D salah karena makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas jika digunakan

Through experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been thought.
Melalui studi eksperimental proses penuaan, ahli psikolog Ross McFardland menentukan bahwa orang-orang bisa bekerja secara produktif jauh lebih lama dari yang sebelumnya disangka.

7. _____ often raise funds from the sale of stock.
(A) For corporations to operate
(B) The operations of corporations
(C) Corporations operate by
(D) To operate, corporations

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) To operate, corporations
– raise = verb
– Kalimat sudah ada verb utama, jadi tinggal mencari bentuk di mana subject bisa digabungkan dengan benar
– A salah karena ‘For corporations to operate’ – ada duplikasi verb tanpa conjunction, dan makna kalimat menjadi salah
– B salah karena secara makna salah jika digunakan
– C salah karena ‘Corporations operate by’ – ada duplikasi verb tanpa conjunction, dan makna kalimat menjadi salah

To operate, corporations often raise funds from the sale of stock.
Untuk beroperasi, korporasi-korporasi sering menggalang dana dari penjualan saham,

Ini adalah bentuk lain dari:
Corporations often raise funds from the sale of stock to operate.

8. While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs, _____ great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color.
(A) there are
(B) but are
(C) if there are
(D) to be

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) there are
– While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs = dependent clause
– _____ great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color = independent clause
– complex sentence = 1 independent clause + conjunction + 1 dependent clause (atau lebih)
– B salah karena ada but (conjunction), conjunction hanya digunakan sebelum dependent clause
– C salah karena ada if (conjunction), conjunction hanya digunakan sebelum dependent clause
– D salah karena makna kalimat menjadi salah

While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs, there are great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color.
Meskipun semua burung sama dalam hal memiliki bulu dan bertelur, ada banyak perbedaan besar di antara mereka dalam hal ukuran, struktur dan warna.

9. There were ___ federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
(A) none
(B) not
(C) no
(D) nor

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) no
– federal laws = noun
– noun hanya bisa diawali adjective, determiner atau preposition
– A salah karena none = pronoun
– B salah karena not = adverb
– D salah karena nor = adverb, conjunction

There were no federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
Tidak ada hukum federal yang mengatur praktek pertambangan hingga 1872.

10. The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, _____ every year in Augusta, Georgia.
(A) has held
(B) being held
(C) is held
(D) holding

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) is held
– The Master = subject (noun)
– one of the most important of all golf tournaments = non-defining clause, klausa yang memberi informasi tambahan akan subject, kalau tidak ada tidak apa-apa
– kalimat belum memiliki verb
– bentuk verb yang paling sesuai untuk kalimat ini adalah passive form (be + Verb 3)

The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, is held every year in Augusta, Georgia.
The Masters, salah satu dari turnamen golf yang paling penting, diadakan setiap tahun di Augusta, Georgia.

11. Not only _____ places of beauty; they serve scientific and educational purposes as well.
(A) are botanical gardens
(B) botanical gardens to be
(C) botanical gardens are
(D) to be botanical gardens

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) are botanical gardens
– Kalimat diawali ‘not only’
– Not only lazimnya digunakan dalam bentuk inversion
– Not only + auxiliary verb + Subject -> hanya A yang mengikuti pola ini

Not only are botanical gardens places of beauty; they serve scientific and educational purposes as well.
Taman-taman botani tidak hanya tempat yang indah; mereka juga memiliki tujuan ilmiah dan edukatif juga.

12. _____ quicksand can be found all over the world, little was known about its composition until recently.
(A) Except
(B) Although
(C) Even
(D) Despite

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) Although
– Ini adalah pemilihan conjunction yang sesuai untuk kalimat soal
– except = kecuali
– even = bahkan
– despite = meksipun -> = preposition, bukan conjunction, tidak bisa digunakan dengan independent clause
– Conjunction yang paling cocok maknanya untuk kalimat soal adalah although = meskipun

Although quicksand can be found all over the world, little was known about its composition until recently.
Meskipun pasir isap bisa ditemukan di seluruh dunia, komposisinya tidak banyak diketahui hingga belakangan ini.

13. In 1791 Quebec was divided into two sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, ____ were ruled by elected assemblies.
(A) they both
(B) both of them
(C) in which both
(D) both of which

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) both of which
– Quebec = subject
– was divided = verb
– two sections = object
– ____ were ruled by elected assemblies = relative clause menjelaskan object noun (two sections)
– A salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker (which)
– B salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker (which)
– C salah karena penggunaan in which both tidak tepat

In 1791 Quebec was divided into two sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, both of which were ruled by elected assemblies.
Pada tahun 1791 Quebec dibagi menjadi 2 bagian, Upper Canada dan Lower Canada, di mana keduanya diatur oleh dewan yang dipilih.

14. _____ are a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century.
(A) Diamonds
(B) Because diamonds
(C) That diamonds
(D) Diamonds, which

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) That diamonds
– has been known = verb dari kalimat utama, bentuk singular (has)
– Kalimat sudah memiliki verb, tinggal bentuk subject yang sesuai yang diperlukan
– A salah karena ada are (verb), akan terjadi duplikasi verb
– B salah karena ada because (conjunction) sedangkan hanya ada 1 klausa dalam soal
– D salah karena ada relative clause marker which, ada koma pembuka untuk menandakan non-defining clause, tapi tidak ada koma penutup

That diamonds are a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century.
(Fakta) Bahwa berlian adalah sebuah bentuk dari kabron telah diketahui sejak akhir abad kedelapan belas.

15. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, _____
(A) the United States was given the Statue of Liberty by the people of France
(B) the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States
(C) the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France
(D) the French people presented the United States with a gift, the Statue of Liberty

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France

– Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi = modifier (kata, frasa atau klausa yang menjelaskan kata atau sekelompok kata lain)
– Jika di awal kalimat, modifier selalu diikuti secara langsung oleh kata / sekelompok kata yang dijelaskan
– Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi = Didesain oleh Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
– Yang bisa ‘Frederic Auguste Bartholdi’ adalah ‘the Statue of Liberty’ => C

Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France
Didesain oleh Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, Patung Liberti diberikan kepada Amerika Serikat oleh rakyat Perancis.

16 _____ by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
(A) The invention of the vacuum milking machine
(B) That the vacuum milking machine was invented
(C) The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
(D) The vacuum milking machine was invented

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) The vacuum milking machine was invented
– by Anna Baldwin in 1878 = prepositional phrase yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (menerangkan sesuatu)
– by Anna Baldwin = oleh Anna Baldwin, lazimnya digunakan dalam pola kalimat pasif
– A salah karena ‘The invention of the vacuum milking machine’ = noun, jika digunakan kalimat memiliki subject (noun) tapi tidak memiliki verb
– B salah karena ada ‘that’ di depan klausa ‘the vacuum milking machine was invented’ -> That the vacuum milking machine was invented = Fakta bahwa mesin pemerah susu vakum ditemukan (=noun), jika digunakan kalimat memiliki subject (noun) tapi tidak memiliki verb
– C salah karena ada relative clause marker which, jika digunakan -> which was invented by Anna Baldwin in 1878 = relative clause, kalimat hanya terdiri dari subject noun dan relative clause, tidak ada verb

The vacuum milking machine was invented by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
Mesin pemerah susu vakum ditemukan oleh Anna Baldwin pada tahun 1878.

17. Dry cleaning is the process _____ clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
(A) by
(B) which through
(C) by which
(D) through

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) by which
– Dry cleaning = subject
– is = verb
– the process = object
– _____ clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water. = relative clause menjelaskan object noun (the process)
– relative clause membutuhkan relative clause marker
– A salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker
– D salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker
– B salah karena relative clause which diikuti preposition through, membuat arti kalimat tidak jelas

Dry cleaning is the process by which clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
Dry cleaning adalah proses di mana pakaian dibersihkan di cairan selain air.

18. Sand dunes are made of loose sand ____ up by the action of the wind.
(A) it builds
(B) builds
(C) is building
(D) built

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) built
– Sand dunes = subject
– are made = verb
– loose sand = object
– ____ up by the action of the wind = relative clause menjelaskan object noun (loose sand)
– Relative clause bisa dalam bentuk
(1) full dengan relative clause marker
(2) ringkas tanpa relative clause marker
– Pilihan jawaban tidak ada relative clause marker

Bentuk yang paling tepat:
Sand dunes are made of loose sand built up by the action of the wind.

Ini adalah bentuk ringkas dari:
Sand dunes are made of loose sand (which is) built up by the action of the wind.
Gumuk pasir terbuat dari pasir bebas yang dibangun oleh tindakan angin.

19. _____ book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
(A) For her
(B) Her
(C) It was her
(D) That her

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) For her
– which was based on the life of her great-grandmother = non-defining relative clause menjelaskan noun Jubilee, tidak digunakan dalam kalimat tidak apa-apa
– Margaret Walker = subject
– was awarded = verb
– Kalimat sudah utuh karena ada 1 subject + 1 verb
– B salah karena akan membuat Her book Jubilee = noun phrase, akan ada duplikasi subject
– C salah karena ada verb (was), akan ada duplikasi verb
– D salah karena akan membuat That her book Jubilee = noun clause yang tidak lengkap

For her book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
Untuk bukunya Jubilee, yang berdasarkan hidup nenek buyutnya, Margaret Walker dianugerahi Pulitzer Prize.

Ini adalah bentuk lain dari:
Margaret Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother.

20.Job specialization takes place _____ of production is separated into occupations.
(A) whenever the work is
(B) when the work
(C) is when the work
(D) whenever working

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) when the work
– Job specialization = subject
– takes place = verb
– is separated = verb
– Ada 2 verb dan tidak langsung saling mengikuti -> perlu conjunction
– A salah karena ada verb is, akan ada duplikasi verb di klausa kedua
– C salah karena ada verb is, akan ada duplikasi verb di klausa pertama
– D salah karena tidak ada article the yang mengawali noun yang spesifik

Job specialization takes place when the work of production is separated into occupations.
Spesialisasi pekerjaan terjadi ketika pekerjaan produksi dipisahkan menjadi pekerjaan-pekerjaan.