1. _____ team sports require cooperation.
(A) Of all
(B) They are all
(C) All
(D) Why are all

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) All
– require = verb
– _____ team sports = subject
– Kalimat/klausa utuh memerlukan setidaknya 1 subject + 1 verb
– A salah karena “Of all team sports” = Dari semua olahraga tim, tidak cocok digabungkan dengan verb dan object
– B salah karena ada are (verb), ada duplikasi verb
– D salah karena “Why are all” adalah pola kalimat tanya

All team sports require cooperation.
Semua olahraga tim membutuhkan kerja sama.

2. Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden _____ roots firmly anchor plants to the soil.
(A) is well aware of
(B) is well aware that
(C) well aware
(D) well aware that

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) is well aware that
– Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden = subject
– roots = subject
– anchor = verb
– ada 2 subject dalam 1 kalimat, perlu ada conjunction atau clause marker
– A dan C salah karena tidak ada conjunction atau clause marker
– D salah karena ‘well aware’ = adjective, subject noun tidak bisa mendahului adjective tanpa verb be (is/am/are/was/were)

Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden is well aware that roots firmly anchor plants to the soil.
Siapa saja yang pernah mencabut rumput liar dari taman sadar sepenuhnya bahwa akar menahan tanaman ke tanah dengan kuat.
– Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden is well aware = klausa 1
– that = conjunction
– roots firmly anchor plants to the soil = klausa 2
– masing-masing klausa punya subject dan verb masing-masing
– Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden = subject klausa 1
– is = verb klausa 1
– roots = subject klausa 2
– anchor = verb klausa 2

3. Centuries of erosion have exposed ____ rock surfaces in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona.
(A) in colors of the rainbow
(B) colored like a rainbow
(C) rainbow-colored
(D) a rainbow’s coloring

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) rainbow-colored
– Centuries of erosion = subject
– have exposed = verb
– Kalimat sudah utuh karena sudah ada subject dan verb
– rock surfaces = object (= permukaan batu-batuan) = noun
– ____ = berada di depan object noun
– Yang bisa mendahului untuk menjelaskan noun: (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition
– A, B dan C salah karena tidak berbentuk (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition
– rainbow-colored = berwarna pelangi = adjective, menjelaskan noun

Centuries of erosion have exposed rainbow-colored rock surfaces in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona.
Ratusan tahun erosi telah memunculkan permukaan bebatuan berwarna pelangi di Gurun Terlukis di utara Arizona.

4. The higher the temperature of a molecule, _____
(A) the more energy it has
(B) than it has more energy
(C) more energy has it
(D) it has more energy

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) the more energy it has
– higher = comparative adjective
– Pola: the + comparative adjective + noun 1 …., the + comparative adjective + noun 2
– Yang masuk ke pola di atas adalah: (A) the more energy it has

The higher the temperature of a molecule, the more energy it has.
Semakin tinggi suhu molekul, semakin banyak energi yang ia miliki.

5. Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald had to perform operations _____ anesthesia.
(A) no
(B) not having
(C) without
(D) there wasn’t

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) without
– Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald = subject
– had to perform = verb
– Kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– anesthesia = noun
– Yang bisa mendahului untuk menjelaskan noun: (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition
– B dan D salah karena tidak berbentuk (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition
– A salah karena no = determiner tapi jika digunakan arti kalimat menjadi salah.

Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald had to perform operations without anesthesia.
Dokter bedah di area perbatasan Ephraim MacDonald harus melakukan operasi tanpa proses bius.

6. ____ young, chimpanzees are easily trained.
(A) When are
(B) When
(C) They are
(D) When they

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) When
– chimpanzees = subject
– are easily trained = verb phrase
– klausa ini sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb -> independent clause (tidak diawali conjunction)
– ____ young = klausa lain -> dependent clause, kita perlu membuat ini menjadi bentuk klausa yang benar
– karena di klausa yang sudah utuh tidak ada conjunction, di dependent clause harus ada conjunction (2 klausa hanya bisa dihubungkan dengan conjunction)
– C salah karena tidak ada conjunction
– Bentuk dependent clause yang bisa digunakan:
– (1) conjunction + subject + verb
– (2) conjuntion + adjective (jika subject dan verb be sama dengan independent clause)
– A dan D salah karena tidak masuk pola (1) atau (2)

When young, chimpanzees are easily trained.
Ketika muda, simpanse mudah dilatih
– Ini mengikuti pola (2) di atas
– Ini adalah bentuk ringkas dari: When they are young, chimpanzees are easily trained.
– ‘they are’ bisa diringkas karena identik/sama dengan subject dan verb klausa berikutnya.

7. A person of ____ age may suffer from defects of vision.
(A) every
(B) some
(C) certain
(D) any

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) any
– age = noun
– Yang bisa mendahului untuk menjelaskan noun: (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition
– Jawaban A,B,C,D secara gramatikal bisa digunakan dengan noun age -> hanya yang konteks artinya sesuai dengan tujuan penulis yang benar

A person of any age may suffer from defects of vision.
Seseorang di usia berapa pun bisa menderita cacat penglihatan.
– any + noun = sembarang, apa pun

8. ____ have settled, one of their first concerns has been to locate an adequate water supply.
(A) Wherever people
(B) There are people who
(C) Whether people
(D) People

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) Wherever people
– one of their first concerns = subject
– has been = verb
– klausa sudah utuh, sudah ada subject + verb, tidak ada conjunction -> independent clause
– ____ have settled = dependent clause -> perlu punya subject, verb dan conjunction
– B, C dan D salah karena tidak ada conjunction

Wherever people have settled, one of their first concerns has been to locate an adequate water supply.
Di mana pun orang-orang telah menetap, salah satu dari kekhawatiran mereka adalah mencari persediaan air yang cukup.
– Wherever people have settled = dependent clause
– wherever = conjunction
– people = subject
– have settled = verb

9. If a bar magnet is _____, the two pieces form two complete magnets, each with a north and south pole.
(A) broken
(B) broke
(C) breaking
(D) break

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) broken
– is = verb be
– semua pilihan jawaban adalah bentuk-bentuk verb
– verb be (is/am/are/was/were/been) hanya bisa diikuti oleh:
– (1) verb ing -> Pola kalimat continuous eg: I am eating
– (2) verb 3 -> Pola kalimat pasif eg: I was invited
– B salah karena bentuk Verb 2
– D salah karena bentuk Verb 1
– C salah karena meski Verb ing bisa digunakan, arti kalimat menjadi salah

If a bar magnet is broken, the two pieces form two complete magnets, each with a north and south pole.
Jika sebuah batang magnet patah, dua bagian itu membentuk dua magnet yang utuh, masing-masing dengan kutub utara dan selatan.

10. The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the soil of the pond, _____ , and the pond’s location.
(A) what the quality of the water is
(B) how is the water quality
(C) the quality of the water
(D) what is the water quality

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) the quality of the water
– and = coordinating conjunction
– coordinating conjunction menghubungkan kata/frasa/klausa yang identik secara gramatikal (paralel)
– the soil of the pond = noun phrase
– the pond’s location = noun phrase
– Pilihan jawaban yang paralel dengan dua pola di atas: (C) the quality of the water

The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the soil of the pond, the quality of the water, and the pond’s location.
Jenis kehidupan tanaman dan hewan yang hidup di dan sekitar kolam tergantung pada tanah kolam, kualitas air dan lokasi kolam.

11. Clifford Holland, _____ civil engineer, was in charge of the construction of the first tunnel under the Hudson River.
(A) he was a
(B) a
(C) being a
(D) who, as a

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) a
– Clifford Holland = subject
– was = verb
– kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– , _____ civil engineer, = berada setelah subject noun -> memberikan keterangan tambahan pada subject noun, bisa dalam bentuk:
– (1) relative clause – Pola: relative clause marker + verb
– (2) appositive – Pola: noun phrase
– A, C, D salah karena tidak bisa membentuk salah satu dari 2 pola di atas

Clifford Holland, a civil engineer, was in charge of the construction of the first tunnel under the Hudson River.
Clifford Holland, seorang insinyur sipil, bertanggung jawab atas pembangunan terowongan di bawah Sungai Hudson.
– Clifford Holland = subject noun
– , a civil engineer, = appositive

12. _____ parrots are native to tropical regions is untrue.
(A) That all
(B) All
(C) Why all
(D) Since all

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) That all
– is = verb be
– untrue = adjective
– _____ parrots are native to tropical regions = subject => noun clause (karena ada verb are)
– Noun clause = noun clause marker + clause
– noun clause marker:
– (1) kata tanya: who, what, where, when, how, etc
– (2) if/whether
– (3) that
– B, C, D salah karena tidak menggunakan noun clause marker

That all parrots are native to tropical regions is untrue.
(Fakta) Bahwa semua burung beo alamiah di wilayah tropis adalah tidak benar.
– That all parrots are native to tropical regions = subject = noun clause
– that = noun clause marker

13. A major concern among archaeologists today is the preservation of archaeological sites, _____ are threatened by development.
(A) of which many
(B) many of them
(C) which many
(D) many of which

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) many of which
– A major concern among archaeologists today = subject
– is = verb
– the preservation of archaeological sites = object
– , _____ are threatened by development = relative clause, menjelaskan object
– Bentuk yang paling benar digunakan (D) many of which

A major concern among archaeologists today is the preservation of archaeological sites, many of which are threatened by development.
Sebuah kekhawatiran utama di antara para ahli arkeolog saat ini adalah pelestarian situs arkeologi, yang mana banyak terancam pembangunan.
– Ini adalah gabungan dari 2 kalimat:
– (1) A major concern among archaeologists today is the preservation of archaeological sites.
– (2) Many of archaeological sites are threatened by development.

14. In 1775 Daniel Boone opened the Wilderness Trail and made _____ the first settlements in Kentucky.
(A) possibly it was
(B) as possible
(C) possible
(D) it possible

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) possible
– make + possible + noun = membuat sesuatu mungkin / terjadi

In 1775 Daniel Boone opened the Wilderness Trail and made possible the first settlements in Kentucky.
Pada tahun 1775, Daniel Boone membuka Wilderness Trail dan menciptakan pemukiman pertama di Kentucky.

15. Rarely _____ seen far from water.
(A) spotted turtles
(B) spotted turtles are
(C) have spotted turtles
(D) are spotted turtles

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(D) are spotted turtles
– rarely di awal kalimat -> indikasi pola inversion
– Pola: rarely + auxiliary verb + subject
– A salah karena tidak ada auxiliary verb
– B salah karena tidak mengikuti pola
– C dan D sama-sama ada auxiliary verb (have dan are)
– Yang membuat arti kalimat benar -> (D) are spotted turtles

Rarely are spotted turtles seen far from water.
Kura-kura berbintik jarang terlihat jauh dari air.

– Ini adalah pola inversion dari: Spotted turtles are rarely seen far from water.
– spotted turtles = subject = noun = kura-kura berbintik

16. Vermont is the only state in New England _____ an Atlantic coastline.
(A) without
(B) not with
(C) which not having
(D) doesn’t have

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) without
– Vermont = subject
– is = verb
– Kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– the only state in New England _____ an Atlantic coastline = object
– an Atlantic coastline = noun
– Yang bisa mendahului untuk menjelaskan noun: (1) adjective (2) determiner (3) preposition

Vermont is the only state in New England without an Atlantic coastline.
Vermont adalah satu-satunya negara bagian di New Englang tanpa garis pantai Atlantik.
– without = preposition

17. In 1867, Hiram R. Revels _____ the first black to be elected to the U.S. Senate.
(A) becoming
(B) became
(C) to have become
(D) has become

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(B) became
– Hiram R. Revels = subject
– the first black to be elected to the U.S. Senate. = object
– kalimat perlu verb dengan bentuk yang tepat -> (B) became

In 1867, Hiram R. Revels became the first black to be elected to the U.S. Senate.
Pada tahun 1867, Hiram R. Revels menjasi orang kulit hitam pertama yang terpilih di Dewan Senat Amerika Serikat.
– Bentuk tense yang paling tepat adalah Past Simple Tense -> mengekspresikan satu tindakan / kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau

18. Jupiter’s moons can be easily seen through ______ binoculars or a small telescope .
(A) either
(B) if
(C) whether
(D) or

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) either
– Pola yang benar adalah: either + noun 1 + or + noun 2

Jupiter’s moons can be easily seen through ______ binoculars or a small telescope.
Bulan Jupiter bisa dilihat dengan mudah melalui entah teropong atau teleskop kecil.

19. The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect, ______ it causes a great deal of damage to food crops.
(A) but
(B) what
(C) or
(D) that

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(A) but
– The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect -> konotasi positif
– it causes a great deal of damage to food crops -> konotasi negatif
– Kalimat mengekspresikan kontras
– Conjunction yang bisa digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kontras -> but

The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect, but it causes a great deal of damage to food crops.
Kumbang Colorado adalah serangga yang indah, tapi ia menyebabkan banyak kerusakan pada tanaman pangan.

20. Judge Francis Hopkins is probably best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but he also excelled as a poet, _____ , and an orator.
(A) as a musician
(B) by playing music
(C) a musician
(D) he played music

Jawaban yang tepat adalah
(C) a musician
– and = coordinating conjunction
– coordinating conjunction menghubungkan kata/frasa/klausa yang identik secara gramatikal (paralel)
– a poet = noun phrase
– an orator = noun phrase
– Pilihan jawaban yang paralel dengan dua pola di atas: (C) a musician

Judge Francis Hopkins is probably best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but he also excelled as a poet, a musician, and an orator.
Hakim Francis Hopkins mungkin lebih dikenal sebagai penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan, tapi beliau juga berprestasi sebagai penyair, musisi dan seorang orator.