1. Sharp knives are actually safer to use _____
(A) as dull ones
(B) as ones that are dull
(C) than dull ones
(D) that are dull ones

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(C) than dull ones
– safer = lebih aman = comparative adjective
– comparative adjective lazimnya digunakan dengan adverb ‘than’
– A, B dan C salah karena tidak menggunakan than

Sharp knives are actually safer to use than dull ones.
Pisau-pisau tajam sebenarnya lebih aman digunakan daripada yang tumpul.

2. Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others ______ prominent in public life began their careers by teaching school.
(A) they became
(B) once they became
(C) became
(D) who became

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(D) who became
– Ada 2 verb di keseluruhan soal (1) began di kalimat soal (2) became di pilihan jawaban
– Tidak ada conjunction -> Bukan kalimat kompleks
– Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others ______ prominent in public life = subject
– began = verb
– A, B dan C salah karena tidak mengandung berisi conjunction atau relative pronoun sehingga akan terjadi duplikasi verb

Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others who became prominent in public life began their careers by teaching school.
Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, dan banyak lagi yang menjadi terkenal di kalangan masyarakat memulai karir mereka dengan mengajar.
– Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others = subject
– who became prominent in public life = relative clause menjelaskan subject
– began = verb

3. As coal mines became deeper, the problems of draining water, bringing in fresh air, and ______ to the surface increased.
(A) transporting ore
(B) to transport ore
(C) how ore is transported
(D) ore is transporting

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) transporting ore

4. _____ because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
(A) It may be
(B) Perhaps
(C) Besides
(D) Why is it

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) Perhaps

– Henry James never became a popular writer = main clause
– but his works are admired by critics and other writers = dependent clause
– Kalimat kompleks secara gramatikal sudah utuh (ada 1 main/independent clause, ada 1 dependent clause)
– _____ because of the complexity of his writing = hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan -> tidak perlu menjadi klausa
– A dan D salah karena ada subject dan verb -> akan membentuk klausa baru
– C salah karena besides secara arti tidak cocok

Perhaps because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
Mungkin karena kerumitan tulisannya, Henry James tidak pernah menjadi penulis yang terkenal, tapi karya-karyanya dikagumi oleh kritikus dan penulis-penulis lain.

5. Piedmont glaciers are formed ______ several valley glaciers join and spread out over a plain.
(A) by
(B) when
(C) from
(D) that

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) when
– Piedmont glaciers = subject
– are formed = verb
– several valley glaciers = subject
– join, spread out = verb
– Ada 2 subject dan 2 verb -> indikasi compound / complex sentence (menghubungkan 2 klausa)
– Untuk menghubungkan klausa dibutuhkan conjunction
– A salah karena by = preposition
– C salah karena from = preposition
– D salah karena that = conjunction tapi artinya bahwa atau sehingga, tidak pas jika digunakan

Piedmont glaciers are formed when several valley glaciers join and spread out over a plain.
Glasier piedmont terbentuk ketika beberapa glasier lembah bergabung dan menyebar di sebuah dataran.

6. As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, _____ Florida’s largest city.
(A) that was
(B) to be
(C) was
(D) it was

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(C) was
– As late as 1890 = adverb of time
– Key West = subject
– with a population of 18,000 = frasa penambah keterangan untuk menjelaskan subject
– Florida’s largest city = object
– Kalimat belum utuh karena belum ada verb
– A salah karena ada that = pronoun, akan terjadi duplikasi subject
– B salah karena subject noun tidak bisa langsung digunakan dengan to be
– D salah karena ada it = pronoun, akan terjadi duplikasi subject

As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, was Florida’s largest city.
Hingga 1890, Key West, dengan populasi 18.000 orang, dulu adalah kota terbesar Florida.

7. A mastery of calculus depends on ______ of algebra.
(A) an understanding
(B) is understood
(C) to understand
(D) understand

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) an understanding
– A mastery of calculus = subject
– depends = verb
– on = preposition
– preposition hanya bisa diikuti noun
– B salah karena is understood = dipahami = verb
– C salah karena to understand = memahami = verb
– D salah karena understand = memahami = verb
– A benar karena an understanding = pemahaman = noun

A mastery of calculus depends on an underrstanding of algebra.
Penguasaan kalkulus tergantung pada pemahaman aljabar.

8. _____ he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic keyboard instrument called the Hammond organ.
(A) Although
(B) That
(C) Despite
(D) For

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) Although
– Lawrence Hammond = subject
– developed = verb
– he = subject
– was = verb
– Ada 2 subject dan 2 verb -> indikasi compound / complex sentence (menghubungkan 2 klausa)
– Untuk menghubungkan klausa dibutuhkan conjunction
– C salah karena despite = preposition
– D salah karena for = preposition. For bisa juga berfungsi sebagai conjunction tapi artinya ‘karena’, tidak tepat digunakan
– B salah karena that = conjunction tapi artinya bahwa atau sehingga, tidak pas jika digunakan

Although he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic keyboard instrument called the Hammond organ.
Meskipun dia sendiri bukanlah seorang musisi, Lawrence Hammond mengembangkan alat musik keyboard elektronik yang disebut sebagai organ Hammon.

9. Agnes De Mille’s landmark musical play Oklahoma! was ______ of story, music, and dance.
(A) successfully combined
(B) a successful combination
(C) to combine successfully
(D) successful combining

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) a successful combination
– Agnes De Mille’s landmark musical play Oklahoma! = subject
– was = verb
– was = verb be
– verb be hanya bisa digunakan untuk pola:
(1) Subject + verb be + Verb ing
(2) Subject + verb be + Verb 3
(3) Subject + verb be + Noun
(4) Subject + verb be + Adjective
(5) Subject + verb be + Adverb of Place
– C salah karena combine = Verb 1, tidak bisa digunakan dengan Verb be
– A salah karena combined = Verb 3, bisa digunakan dengan Verb be tapi artinya salah, was combined = dulunya digabungkan
– D salah karena combining = Verb ing, bisa digunakan dengan Verb be tapi artinya salah, was combining = sedang menggabungkan

Agnes De Mille’s landmark musical play Oklahoma! was a successful combination of story, music, and dance.
Drama musikal karya Agnes De Mille yang terkenal Oklahoma! adalah sebuah kombinasi sukses antara cerita, musik dan tarian.
– Agnes De Mille’s landmark musical play Oklahoma! = subject
– was = verb be
– a successful combination of story, music, and dance = noun
– Kalimat mengikuti Pola (3)

10. _____ single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.
(A) No
(B) Not only a
(C) Not
(D) Nor a

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) No
– single dialect of American English = subject = noun
– has become = verb
– Yang bisa berada di depan noun adalah:
(1) Determiner
(2) Preposition
(3) Adjective
– B salah karena not only = conjunction
– C salah karena not = adverb
– D salah karena nor = conjunction, adverb
– A benar karena no = adverb, determiner

No single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.
Tidak ada satu dialek Bahasa Inggris Amerika yang pernah menjadi dominan.

11. In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university _____ by a board of regents elected by the voters of the state.
(A) under the control
(B) it was controlled
(C) being controlled
(D) to be controlled

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(D) to be controlled
– In 1837 = adverb of time
– the University of Michigan = subject
– became = verb
– the first state university _____ by a board of regents elected by the voters of the state = object
– A salah karena under the control lazimnya diikuti preposition of, bukan by
– B salah karena ada subject it dan verb was, tanpa conjuction, akan ada duplikasi subject dan verb
– C salah karena being = verb ing, (1) tidak diawali verb be (2) tidak berfungsi sebagai gerund setelah noun ‘first state university’

In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university to be controlled by a board of regents elected by the voters of the state.
Pada tahun 1837, University of Michigan menjadi universitas negeri pertama yang dikendalikan oleh sebuah dewan pengawas yang dipilih oleh pemilih negara bagian itu.

12. Indoor heating systems have made ______ for people to live and work comfortably in temperate climates.
(A) it is possible
(B) possible
(C) it possible
(D) possibly

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(C) it possible
– make it possible = memungkinkan

Indoor heating systems have made it possible for people to live and work comfortably in temperate climates.
Sistem pemanas dalam ruangan telah memungkinkan orang-orang untuk hidup dan bekerja dengan nyaman di iklim sedang.

13. Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, ______ to float on the surface of the water.
(A) allowing them
(B) allows them
(C) they are allowed
(D) this allows them

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) allowing them
– Certain fish eggs = subject
– contain = verb
– droplets of oil = object
– tidak ada conjunction di pilihan jawaban -> bukan compound sentence, bukan complex sentence
– ______ to float on the surface of the water = relative clause menjelaskan object
– relative clause bisa dalam 2 bentuk:
– (1) relative pronoun + klausa
– (2) tanpa relative pronoun, menggunakan present participle (Verb ing) atau past participle (Verb 3)
– B salah karena bukan Verb ing atau Verb 3 dan tidak ada relative pronoun
– C salah karena tidak ada relative pronoun
– D salah karena tidak ada relative pronoun
– A benar karena bentuk Verb ing

Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, allowing them to float on the surface of the water.
Telur-telur ikan tertentu berisi titik minyak, yang memungkinkan mereka mengambang di permukaan air.
– Ini adalah Pola (2)
– Ini adalah bentuk ringkas dari: Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, which allows them to float on the surface of the water. -> Pola (1)
– which = relative pronoun

14. Considered America’s first great architect, _____
(A) many of the buildings at Harvard University were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(B) Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
(C) Harvard University has many buildings that were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(D) it was Henry Hobson Richardson who designed many of the buildings at Harvard University

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
– Considered America’s first great architect = modifier (kata, frasa atau klausa yang menjelaskan kata atau sekelompok kata lain)
– Jika di awal kalimat, modifier selalu diikuti secara langsung oleh kata / sekelompok kata yang dijelaskan
– Considered America’s first great architect = Dianggap sebagai arsitek luar biasa Amerika yang pertama
– Yang bisa ‘Dianggap sebagai arsitek luar biasa Amerika yang pertama’ adalah ‘Henry Hobson Richardson’ => B

Considered America’s first great architect, Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University.
Dianggap sebagai arsitek luar biasa Amerika yang pertama, Henry Hobson Richardson mendesain banyak bangunan di Harvard University.

15. _____ is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.
(A) That measles
(B) As measles
(C) Measles
(D) What if measles

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) That measles
– was not known = verb
– until 1911 = adverb of time
– _____ is caused by a virus = subject => noun clause (karena ada verb is)
– Noun clause = noun clause marker + clause
– noun clause marker:
– (1) kata tanya: who, what, where, when, how, etc
– (2) if/whether
– (3) that
– B, C, salah karena tidak menggunakan noun clause marker
– D salah karena what if bukan noun clause marker

That measles is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.
(Fakta) Bahwa cacar air disebabkan oleh virus tidak diketahui hingga tahun 1911.
– That measles is caused by a virus = subject = noun clause
– that = noun clause marker

16. Simple photographic lenses cannot _____ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
(A) to form
(B) are formed
(C) forming
(D) form

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(D) form
– can = modal verb
– modal verb hanya bisa diikuti verb dalam bentuk verb 1, tanpa to
– A salah karena ada to
– B salah karena ada verb be (are) dan verb 3
– C salah karena verb ing

Simple photographic lenses cannot form sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
Lenda fotografi sederhana tidak bisa membentuk gambar yang tajam dan tidak terdistorsi untuk bidang lebar.

17. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one _____ the most.
(A) it influences farmers
(B) that influences farmers
(C) farmers that it influences
(D) why farmers influence it

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) that influences farmers
– weather = subject
– is = verb
– the one = object
– _____ the most = relative clause menjelaskan object
– Relative clause bisa dalam bentuk
(1) panjang: relative clause marker + clause
(2) ringkas: tanpa relative clause marker, menggunakan Verb ing (aktif) atau Verb 3 (pasif)
– A salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker
– C salah karena ada duplikasi subject di depan relative clause marker that
– D salah karena tidak ada relative clause marker (why bukan relative clause marker)

Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one that influences farmers the most.
Dari semua faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil pertanian, cuaca adalah yang paling mempengaruhi petani.
– weather = subject
– is = verb
– the one = object
– that influences farmers the most = relative clause
– that = relative clause marker

18. Beverly Sills, _____, assumed directorship of the New York City Opera in 1979.
(A) be a star soprano
(B) was a star soprano
(C) a star soprano and
(D) a star soprano

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(D) a star soprano
– Beverly Sills = subject
– assumed = verb
– kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– , _____ , = berada setelah subject noun -> memberikan keterangan tambahan pada subject noun, bisa dalam bentuk:
– (1) relative clause – Pola: relative clause marker + verb
– (2) appositive – Pola: noun phrase
– A, B, C, salah karena tidak bisa membentuk salah satu dari 2 pola di atas

Beverly Sills, a star soprano, assumed directorship of the New York City Opera in 1979.
Beverly Sills, seorang bintang soprano, menduduki jabatan direktur New York City Opera pada tahun 1979.
– Beverly Sills = subject noun
– , a star soprano, = appositive

19. _____ of tissues is known as histology.
(A) Studying scientific
(B) The scientific study
(C) To study scientifically
(D) That is scientific studying

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(B) The scientific study
– is known = verb
– _____ of tissues = subject

The scientific study of tissues is known as histology.
Studi ilmiah tentang jaringan dikenal sebagai histologi.

20. With the exception of mercury, _____ at standard temperature and pressure.
(A) the metallic elements are solid
(B) which is a solid metallic element
(C) metallic elements being solid
(D) since the metallic elements are solid

Jawaban yang tepat adalah:
(A) the metallic elements are solid
– With the exception of mercury = keterangan
– at standard temperature and pressure = keterangan
– Kalimat soal belum memiliki subject dan verb
– B salah karena ada relative clause marker which sedangkan yang mendahuluinya bukanlah noun, tapi keterangan
– C salah karena bentuk verb tidak benar
– D salah karena ada conjunction since, sedangkan subject dan verb hanya 1

With the exception of mercury, the metallic elements are solid at standard temperature and pressure.
Dengan perkecualian merkuri, elemen-elemen logam dalam keadaan padat pada suhu dan tekanan normal.