There are 9 parts of speech or word classes in English language:
– nouns
– pronouns
– determiners
– verbs
– prepositions
– adjectives
– adverbs
– conjunctions
– interjections

Tense is a variation in the form of English verbs based on:
– the subject of the sentence
– time
– context of actions/events

Examples (variations based on time):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– I ate fried rice this morning.
– I will eat fried rice tomorrow.
– I am eating fried rice now.
– I have just eaten fried rice.
– I have been eating fried rice this whole week.

Examples (variations based on subject):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– He eats fried rice every day.
– She eats fried rice every day.
– My cat eats fried rice every day.
– You eat fried rice every day.
– We eat fried rice every day.
– They eat fried rice every day.

1. Life experiences (actions/events that someone has experienced)
– I have watched the latest Avengers movie.
– He has visited Bali.
– We have climbed that mountain.

2. Actions/events that have happened or been finished.
– She has completed her report.
– I have had my breakfast.
– The police have arrested the robbers.

There are 5 verb forms:
– base form
– past simple form
– past participle form
– -ing form (present participle form)
– -s form

In Present Perfect Tense, we use these forms:
– past participle

We DO NOT use these forms in Present Perfect:
– base forms
– -s forms
– past simple
– -ing forms

Positive Sentences

I + have + past participle
-> I have eaten / I’ve eaten
You + have + past participle
-> You have eaten / You’ve eaten
We + have + past participle
-> We have eaten / We’ve eaten
They + have + past participle
-> They have eaten / They’ve eaten

He + has + past participle
-> He has eaten / He’s eaten
She + has + past participle
-> She has eaten / She’s eaten
It + has + past participle
-> My cat has eaten / My cat’s eaten

Negative Sentences

I + have not + past participle
-> I haven’t eaten
You + have not + past participle
-> You haven’t eaten
We + have not + past participle
-> We haven’t eaten
They + have not + past participle
-> They haven’t eaten

He + has not + past participle
-> He hasn’t eaten
She + has not + past participle
-> She hasn’t eaten
It + has not + past participle
-> My cat hasn’t eaten

Yes/No Questions

Have + I + past participle
-> Have I eaten?
Yes, you have. / No, you haven’t
Have + You + past participle
-> Have you eaten?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t
Have + We + past participle
-> Have we eaten?
Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
Have + They + past participle
-> Have they eaten?
Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t

Has + He + past participle
-> Has he eaten?
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t
Has + She + past participle
-> Has she eaten?
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t
Has + It + past participle
-> Has my cat eaten?
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t

Questions with Question Words (QW)

QW + Have + I + past participle
-> What have I done?
QW + Have + You + past participle
-> Where have you gone?
QW + Have + We + past participle
-> What have we forgotten?
QW + Have + They + past participle
-> What have they eaten?

QW + Has + He + past participle
-> What has he done?
QW + Has + She + past participle
-> Where has she gone?
QW + Has + It + past participle
-> What has your cat eaten?

1. Facts that started in the past and are still true at the moment (descriptions, professions).
– I have been a student of this university for 2 years.
– He has been a teacher since 2015.
– They have been drivers for 10 years.

2. Facts that started in the past and are still true at the moment (characteristics, conditions, emotions, qualities).
– I have been sick for a week.
– He has been angry since this morning.
– They have been very helpful.

3. Facts that started in the past and are still true at the moment (locations).
– I have been here since 8 o’clock.
– He has been outside for 2 hours.
– They have been upstairs since this morning.

All professions are nouns:
– student
– teacher
– doctor
– father
– mother
– friends
– cousin
– etc.

Characteristics, conditions, emotions, qualities are described by adjectives:
– tall / short
– happy / sad fast / slow
– beautiful / ugly/ wonderful / terrible
– old / young / new / cheap / expensive
– kind / laid back / ambitious / passionate
– etc.

Locations are described by adverbs of place:
– here
– there
– home
– inside / outside
– upstairs / downstairs
– etc.

Positive Sentences

1. Subject + have/has + been + Noun
2. Subject + have/has + been + Adjective
3. Subject + have/has + been + Adverb of Place

I + have been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> I’ve been a teacher for 5 years.
You + have been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> You’ve been brave.
We + have been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> We’ve been here.
They + have been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> They’ve been doctors for 5 years.

He + has been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> He’s been a driver for 5 years.
She + has been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> She’s been strong.
It + has been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> My cat’s been outside for 3 hours.

Negative Sentences

1. Subject + have/has + not + been + Noun
2. Subject + have/has + not + been + Adjective
3. Subject + have/has + not + been + Adverb of Place

I + have not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> I haven’t been a teacher for 5 years.
You + have not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> You haven’t been serious.
We + have not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> We haven’t been there.
They + have not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> They haven’t been doctors for 5 years.

He + has not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> He hasn’t been a driver for 5 years.
She + has not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> She hasn’t been late.
It + has not been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> My cat hasn’t been outside.

Yes/No Questions

1. Have/has + Subject + been + Noun?
2. Have/has + Subject + been + Adjective?
3. Have/has + Subject + been + Adverb of Place?

Have + I + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Have I been a teacher for 5 years?
Have + You + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Have you been sick?
Have + We + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Have we been there?
Have + They + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Have they been doctors for 5 years?

Has + He + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Has he been a driver for 5 years?
Has + She + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Has she been rude?
Has + It + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Has your cat been outside?

Questions with Question Words (QW)

1. QW + Have/has + Subject + been + Noun?
2. QW + Have/has + Subject + been + Adjective?
3. QW + Have/has + Subject + been + Adverb of Place?

QW + Have + I + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long have I been here?
QW + Have + You + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long have you been here?
QW + Have + We + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long have we been here?
QW + Have + They + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long have they been here?

QW + Has + He + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long has he been there?
QW + Has + She + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long has she been there?
QW + Has + It + been + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> How long has it been there?