There are 9 parts of speech or word classes in English language:
– nouns
– pronouns
– determiners
– verbs
– prepositions
– adjectives
– adverbs
– conjunctions
– interjections

Tense is a variation in the form of English verbs based on:
– the subject of the sentence
– time
– context of actions/events

Examples (variations based on time):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– I ate fried rice this morning.
– I will eat fried rice tomorrow.
– I am eating fried rice now.
– I have just eaten fried rice.
– I have been eating fried rice this whole week.

Examples (variations based on subject):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– He eats fried rice every day.
– She eats fried rice every day.
– My cat eats fried rice every day.
– You eat fried rice every day.
– We eat fried rice every day.
– They eat fried rice every day.

1. An action that started in the past and is still continuing when the speaker is saying it.
– I have been reading for 2 hours.
– We have been studying since 7 o’clock.
– She has been learning English since last year.

Present Perfect (Action)

1. Focuses on results.
– I have cleaned the room.
2. Focuses on ‘how many’
– I have read 5 books.
3. Focuses on the completion.
– I have sent the email.

Present Perfect Continuous

1. Focuses on the activity.
– I have been cleaning the room.
2. Focuses on ‘how long’
– I have been reading for 2 hours.
3. Focuses on ongoing activity
– I have been writing emails.

Present Perfect (Non-Action)

1. Used with ‘for’ and ‘since.’
– I’ve been a student for 1 year.
– I’ve been sick for one week.
– I’ve been here since morning.

Present Perfect Continuous

1. Used with ‘for’ and ‘since.’
– I’ve been cleaning for an hour.
– I’ve been reading for 2 hours.
– I’ve been writing since morning.

There are 5 verb forms:
– base form
– past simple form
– past participle form
– -ing form (present participle form)
– -s form

In Present Perfect Continuous Tense, we use these forms:
– -ing form

We DO NOT use these forms in Present Perfect Continuous:
– base forms
– -s forms
– past simple
– past participle

Positive Sentences

I + have been + -ing form
-> I’ve been eating.
You + have been + -ing form
-> You’ve been eating
We + have been + -ing form
-> We’ve been eating
They + have been + -ing form
-> They’ve been eating.

He + has been + -ing form
-> He’s been eating.
She + has been + -ing form
-> She’s been eating.
It + has been + -ing form
-> My cat’s been eating.

Negative Sentences

I + have not been + -ing form
-> I haven’t been eating.
You + have not been + -ing form
-> You haven’t been eating.
We + have not been + -ing form
-> We haven’t been eating.
They + have not been + -ing form
-> They haven’t been eating.

He + has not been + -ing form
-> He hasn’t been eating.
She + has not been + -ing form
-> She hasn’t been eating.
It + has not been + -ing form
-> My cat hasn’t been eating.

Yes/No Questions

Have + I + been + -ing form
-> Have I been eating?
Yes, you have. / No, you haven’t
Have + You + been + -ing form
-> Have you been eating?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t
Have + We + been + -ing form
-> Have we been eating?
Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
Have + They + been + -ing form
-> Have they been eating?
Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t

Has + He + been + -ing form
-> Has he been eating?
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t
Has + She + been + -ing form
-> Has she been eating?
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t
Has + It + been + -ing form
-> Has my cat been eating?
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t

Questions with Question Words (QW)

QW + Have + I + been + -ing form
-> What have I been doing?
QW + Have + You + been + -ing form
-> What have you been eating?
QW + Have + We + been + -ing form
-> What have we been doing?
QW + Have + They + been + -ing form
-> What have they been doing?

QW + Has + He + been + -ing form
-> What has he been doing?
QW + Has + She + been + -ing form
-> What has she been doing?
QW + Has + It + been + -ing form
-> What has your cat been eating?