There are 9 parts of speech or word classes in English language:
– nouns
– pronouns
– determiners
– verbs
– prepositions
– adjectives
– adverbs
– conjunctions
– interjections

Tense is a variation in the form of English verbs based on:
– the subject of the sentence
– time
– context of actions/events

Examples (variations based on time):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– I ate fried rice this morning.
– I will eat fried rice tomorrow.
– I am eating fried rice now.
– I have just eaten fried rice.
– I have been eating fried rice this whole week.

Examples (variations based on subject):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– He eats fried rice every day.
– She eats fried rice every day.
– My cat eats fried rice every day.
– You eat fried rice every day.
– We eat fried rice every day.
– They eat fried rice every day.

– Present Simple Tense
– Present Continuous Tense
– Present Perfect Tense
– Present Perfect Continuous Tense

– Past Simple Tense
– Past Continuous Tense
– Past Perfect Tense
– Past Perfect Continuous Tense

– Future Simple Tense
– Future Continuous Tense
– Future Perfect Tense
– Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Verbs describe actions done by the subject of the sentence.
– walk (describes the action of walking)
– study (describes the action of studying)
– eat (describes the action of eating)
– sing (describes the action of singing)
– talk (describes the action of talking)

There are 5 verb forms:
– base form (in some countries, this is called “Verb 1”)
– past simple form (in some countries, this is called “Verb 2”)
– past participle form (in some countries, this is called “Verb 3”)
– -ing form (present participle form)
– -s form

Examples:
– base form: walk
– past simple form: walked
– past participle form: walked
– -ing form: walking
– -s form: walks

Examples:
– base form: walk
– past simple form: walked
– past participle form: walked
– -ing form: walking
– -s form: walks

The verb ‘walk’ has similar past simple and past participle form.
This type of verbs is called ‘regular verbs.’
Examples of regular verbs:
– base form: work,
past simple: worked,
past participle: worked
– base form: wait,
past simple: waited,
past participle: waited
– base form: study,
past simple: studied,
past participle: studied

Examples:
– base form: sing
– past simple form: sang
– past participle form: sung
– -ing form: singing
– -s form: sings

The verb ‘sing’ has different past simple and past participle forms.
This type of verbs is called ‘irregular verbs.’
Examples of irregular verbs:
– base form: eat,
past simple: ate,
past participle: eaten
– base form: come,
past simple: came,
past participle: come
– base form: cut,
past simple: cut,
past participle: cut

1. Most -s forms are created by adding s at the end of base forms.
walk -> walks
talk -> talks
work -> works
cut -> cuts
run -> runs
sing -> sings

2. For base forms ending with CONSONANT + Y -> replace Y with IES
cry -> cries
try -> tries
fly -> flies
study -> studies
carry -> carries
reply -> replies

3. For base forms ending with VOCAL + Y -> add S
pay -> pays
enjoy -> enjoys
stay -> stays

4. For base forms ending with -SS, -SH, -CH, -X, -Z -> add ES
miss -> misses
push -> pushes
catch -> catches
fix -> fixes
buzz -> buzzes

5. Some irregular -s forms:
have -> has
go -> goes
do -> does

1. -Ing forms are created by adding -ing at the end of base forms.
walk -> walking
talk -> talking
work -> working
sing -> singing
cook -> cooking
watch -> watching

2. For base forms ending with E -> replace E with ING
live -> living
have -> having
make -> making
take -> taking
bake -> baking

3. For base forms with 1 syllable and ending with CONSONANT + VOCAL + CONSONANT -> double the last consonant + ING
run -> running
cut -> cutting
sit -> sitting
get -> getting
stop -> stopping
swim -> swimming

4. For base forms ending with -IE -> replace IE with YING
– lie -> lying
– tie -> tying
– die -> dying

1. Present habits (things that you regularly do).
– I walk to school every day.
– John takes a bus to work every morning.
– We play soccer every Saturday.

2. Present facts.
– I live in Indonesia.
– John works in Bali.
– They have three cats.

3. General or scientific truths.
– Water freezes at zero degrees.
– The Earth revolves around the Sun.
– The sun rises from the east.

4. Fixed arrangements (things that have been scheduled)
– The train leaves at 4 p.m.
– Our holiday starts on Jun 5.
– The restaurant opens at 7.30 tonight.

5. Requests, instructions or directions
– Play that song.
– Do your homework.
– You take the number 6 bus to downtown.

There are 5 verb forms:
– base form
– past simple form
– past participle form
– -ing form (present participle form)
– -s form

In Present Simple Tense, we use these forms:
– base forms
– -s forms

We DO NOT use these forms in Present Simple:
– past simple
– past participle
– -ing forms

I + base form
-> I walk to school every day.
You + base form
-> You walk to school every day.
We + base form
-> We walk to school every day.
They+ base form
-> They walk to school every day.

He + -s form
-> He walks to school every day.
She + -s form
-> She walks to school every day.
It + -s form
-> My cat sleeps in my room every day.

I + do not + base form
-> I don’t walk to school every day.
You + do not + base form
-> You don’t walk to school every day.
We + do not + base form
-> We don’t walk to school every day.
They + do not + base form
-> They don’t walk to school every day.

He + does not + base form
-> He doesn’t walk to school every day.
She + does not + base form
-> She doesn’t walk to school every day.
It + does not + base form
-> My cat doesn’t sleep in my room every day.

Do + I + base form
-> Do I walk to school every day?
Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.

Do + you + base form
-> Do you walk to school every day?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Do + we + base form
-> Do we walk to school every day?
Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.

Do + they + base form
-> Do they walk to school every day?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

Does + he + base form
-> Does he walk to school every day?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

Does + she + base form
-> Does she walk to school every day?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

Does + it + base form
->Does your cat sleep in your room every day?
Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t

Question Words (QW):
– who
– what
– where
– when
– why
– how
– what time
– how much
– how many

QW + do + I + base form
-> What do I need to do?
QW + do + you + base form
-> What do you every morning?
QW + do + we + base form
-> When do we need to do this?
QW + do + they + base form
-> Where do they usually play football?

QW + does + he + base form
-> What time does he usually come?
QW + does + she + base form
-> What does she usually wear?
QW + does + it + base form
-> Where does your cat usually sleep?