There are 9 parts of speech or word classes in English language:
– nouns
– pronouns
– determiners
– verbs
– prepositions
– adjectives
– adverbs
– conjunctions
– interjections

Tense is a variation in the form of English verbs based on:
– the subject of the sentence
– time
– context of actions/events

Examples (variations based on time):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– I ate fried rice this morning.
– I will eat fried rice tomorrow.
– I am eating fried rice now.
– I have just eaten fried rice.
– I have been eating fried rice this whole week.

Examples (variations based on subject):
– I eat fried rice every day.
– He eats fried rice every day.
– She eats fried rice every day.
– My cat eats fried rice every day.
– You eat fried rice every day.
– We eat fried rice every day.
– They eat fried rice every day.

1. Present habits (things that you regularly do).
– I walk to school every day.
– John takes a bus to work every morning.
– We play soccer every Saturday.

2. Present facts.
– I live in Indonesia.
– John works in Bali.
– They have three cats.

3. General or scientific truths.
– Water freezes at zero degrees.
– The Earth revolves around the Sun.
– The sun rises from the east.

4. Fixed arrangements (things that have been scheduled)
– The train leaves at 4 p.m.
– Our holiday starts on Jun 5.
– The restaurant opens at 7.30 tonight.

5. Requests, instructions or directions
– Play that song.
– Do your homework.
– You take the number 6 bus to downtown.

There are 5 verb forms:
– base form
– past simple form
– past participle form
– -ing form (present participle form)
– -s form

In Present Simple Tense, we use these forms:
– base forms
– -s forms

We DO NOT use these forms in Present Simple:
– past simple
– past participle
– -ing forms

Positive sentences
(+) Subject + base form (I,you,we,they)
(+) Subject + -s form (he,she,it)

Negative sentences
(-) Subject + do not + base form (I,you,we,they)
(-) Subject + does not + base form (he,she,it)

Yes/No questions
(?) Do + Subject + base form (I,you,we,they)
(?) Does + Subject + base form (he,she,it)

WH- questions
(?) Question Word + Do + Subject + base form (I,you,we,they)
(?) Question Word + Does + Subject + base form (he,she,it)

1. Present facts (descriptions, professions)
– I am a student.
– He is a teacher.
– They are my friends.

2. Present facts (characteristics, conditions, emotions, qualities)
– He is tall.
– I am happy.
– The book is excellent.

3. Present facts (locations)
– I am downstairs.
– He is outside.
– They are here.

All professions are nouns:
– student
– teacher
– doctor
– father
– mother
– friends
– cousin
– etc.

Characteristics, conditions, emotions, qualities are described by adjectives:
– tall / short
– happy / sad fast / slow
– beautiful / ugly/ wonderful / terrible
– old / young / new / cheap / expensive
– kind / laid back / ambitious / passionate
– etc.

Locations are described by adverbs of place:
– here
– there
– home
– inside / outside
– upstairs / downstairs
– etc.

Positive Sentences

1. Subject + is/am/are + Noun
2. Subject + is/am/are + Adjective
3. Subject + is/am/are + Adverb of Place

I + am + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> I ‘m a teacher.
You + are + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> You’re beautiful.
We + are + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> We’re here.
They + are + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> They’re doctors.

He + is + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> He’s a driver.
She + is + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> She’s brave.
It + is + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> My cat’s outside.

Negative Sentences

1. Subject + is/am/are + not + Noun
2. Subject + is/am/are + not + Adjective
3. Subject + is/am/are + not + Adverb of Place

I + am not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> I ‘m not a teacher.
You + are not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> You’re not ugly.
We + are not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> We’re not there.
They + are not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> They’re not doctors.

He + is not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> He’s not a driver.
She + is not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> She’s not afraid.
It + is not + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> My cat’s not outside.

Yes/No Questions

1. Is/am/are + Subject + Noun?
2. Is/am/are + Subject + Adjective?
3. Is/am/are + Subject + Adverb of Place?

Am + I + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Am I a teacher?
Yes, you are. / No, you are not.
Are + You + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Are you nervous?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Are + We + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Are we there?
Yes, we are. / No, we are not.
Are + They + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Are they doctors?
Yes, they are. / No, they are not.

Is + He + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Is he a driver?
Yes, he is. / No, he is not.
Is + She + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Is she confident?
Yes, she is. / No, she is not.
Is + It + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Is your cat outside?
Yes, it is. / No, it is not.

Questions with Question Words (QW)

1. QW + Is/am/are + Subject + Noun?
2. QW + Is/am/are + Subject + Adjective?
3. QW + Is/am/are + Subject + Adverb of Place?

QW + Am + I + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why am I nervous?
QW + Are + You + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why are you afraid?
QW + Are + We + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why are we here?
QW + Are + They + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why are they here?

QW+ Is + He + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why is he sad?
QW + Is + She + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why is she there?
QW + Is + It + Noun/Adj./Adv.
-> Why is your cat outside?