There are 9 parts of speech or word classes in English language:
– nouns
– pronouns
– determiners
– verbs
– prepositions
– adjectives
– adverbs
– conjunctions
– interjections

There are 2 types of verbs:

– main verbs
(have their own meaning, can stand on their own)
Examples: walk, work, study, play, sing, etc.
I walk to school every day.

– auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)
(cannot stand on their own, needed to complete a sentence)
Examples: is,am,are,do,does,did,have,has,had
I am walking to school now.

Modal verbs:
– are part of auxiliary verbs
– cannot stand on their own, must be used with main verbs

10 modal verbs:
– can
– could
– will
– would
– shall
– should
– may
– might
– must
– ought to

1. As a formal form of “will.” (Usually for subject “I” and “we”)
– I shall never forget you. = I will never forget you.
– We shall let you know soon. = We will let you know soon.

2. Asking for advice.
– Shall I wait for him?
– What shall we do?

3. Polite suggestions/ confirmation
– Shall I call again on Friday?
– Shall we practice again tomorrow?

4. Polite offers
– Shall I carry your bag?
– Shall we help you finish the report?

5. Formal commands
– This door shall be closed at all times.
– All payments shall be made in cash.

(+) Subject + shall + base form
We shall come.

(-) Subject + shall not + base form
We shall not disturb you.

(?) Shall + Subject + base form
Shall we leave?
– Yes, we shall.
– No, we shall not

(?) QW + Shall + Subject + base form
Who shall we invite?

‘Shall’ can only be used with base forms.
We shall come.
We shall to come. (wrong)
We shall came. (wrong)
We shall comes. (wrong)
We shall coming. (wrong)

‘Shall not’ is written as two words, not as one word.
I shall not come.
I shallnot come. (wrong)

Non-action sentences:
– descriptions
You shall be a pilot one day.
– conditions
We shall be ready.
– locations
We shall be there tomorrow.

Sentence Patterns (Non-Action)

(+) Subject + shall + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
You shall be a pilot one day.

(-) Subject + shall not + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
We shall not be there tomorrow.

(?) Shall + Subject + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
Shall we be there tomorrow?

1. Present ideals (something that is ideally done in a situation)
– They should reduce the price of petrol.
– The government should provide more public hospitals.

2. Advice and suggestions
– We should tell him.
– We should apologize to him.

3. Something that is likely or expected to happen.
– He should be here in ten minutes.
– According to his teacher, he should pass the exam.

(+) Subject + should + base form
You should come.

(-) Subject + should not + base form
(-) Subject + shouldn’t + base form
We should not leave.
We shouldn’t leave.

(?) Should+ Subject + base form
Should I inivite him?
– Yes, you should.
– No, you shouldn’t

(?) QW + Should+ Subject + base form
Where should we go?

‘Should’ can only be used with base forms.
We should come.
We should to come. (wrong)
We should came. (wrong)
We should comes. (wrong)
We should coming. (wrong)

‘Should not’ is written separately, not as one word.
He should not come.
He shouldnot come. (wrong)

(+) Subject + should+ be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
We should be there.

(-) Subject + should not + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
(-) Subject + shouldn’t + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
You should not be afraid.
You shouldn’t be afraid.

(?) Should + Subject + be + Noun / Adjective / Adverb of Place
Should he be the the team leader?